Douglas Egerton’s He Shall Go Out Free Essay - 1214 Words

Douglas Egerton’s He Shall Go Out Free In a time when revolution swept both Old World and New, it should have been no surprise that eighteenth century Charleston would find revolution fermenting among its slave population. In his book He Shall Go Out Free, Douglas Egerton describes the life of Denmark Vesey, a freed slave in Charleston, who held a deep and thinly-veiled hatred of slavery and the city’s ruling elite, and was best known for leading a failed attempt at revolt which cost his life. However, Egerton argues one must look beyond the span of Vesey’s lifetime to best understand his impact upon the history of the city. ORIGINS Like most slaves, much about Veseys early years, including his exact†¦show more content†¦CONSPIRACY Denmark Veseys opposition to slavery was by no means veiled, and his inability to buy his family’s freedom only deepened his resentment (77). He often aired his views in the waterfront taverns that were frequented by lower-class whites and freed slaves (100). An avid reader, he eagerly read anti-slavery tracts, and followed newspaper accounts of the slave revolution in Saint Domingue (100). By Christmas of 1821, Vesey decided he had little to lose by challenging the citys elite more directly. At the age of fifty-four, he had lived well beyond average life expectancy for blacks, and knew his time was running short (126). He told his close friend Rolla, a slave of Governor Bennett, that they would have to rise up and fight the whites (131). Vesey began to build a network of supporters who would help recruit and organize other slaves for his planned revolt. However, he knew his rebels could not hold the city or force recognition of their freedom. Instead, he planned for them to rise up at night, killing many whites while they slept. In the ensuing chaos, they would seize ships to sail to Haiti, where slaves had revolted and established a free nation (132). George Wilson, a blacksmith, had overheard discussions of the plot, but refused to go along. On June 14, as

Psychology Post Labor Day Free Essays

This Sync drone results in anxiety, lack of motivation, difficulty concentrating and a feeling of e emptiness during the first few weeks of returning to work. There is a lot of factual inform action that is used to back up this idea. Most of the research is professionally studied and scientifically proved. We will write a custom essay sample on Psychology Post Labor Day or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, some evidence is stronger than others. This article provides a lot of evidence. This article is mostly scientific because almost all of the information comes from professional doctors, journals, or SST dies. For example, a study of 96 Dutch workers â€Å"found that health and wellbeing return De to pre vacation levels during the first week back at work. † This was conducted by pro fissionable and published in the journal Work and Stress. The article also states information on and then tells the readers where that information came from, weather it was a jog renal or a person. For example, after the article explains to be alert for symptoms of Pos t Vacation Syndrome, it refers to its source, â€Å"†¦ Says Katherine Mueller, assistant director o f the Center for Integrative Psychotherapy in Allentown, P. † The article gives a thou rough description of who the person is. Her occupation/ position and her location. Some evidence is slightly stronger scientifically than others because of its accuracy. Not all the people who are mentioned in this article are 100% correct but they are not war Eng either. Some evidence gives a more accurate description than others. For example, † An estimated 6% of the U. S. Population suffers from SAD† (Seasonal Affective Dies order) This piece of evidence gives a numerical value which makes it more accurate than the statements above. Most evidence in this article is factual however there are some opinions. Facts are pieces Of information that are scientifically proven while opinions are the way someone thinks and their viewpoint on a topic. For example, Emily Clicking has an opinion on children’s’ and adults’ mindsets on going back to school. ‘†General Y, kids can’t wait to go back to school. For parents, that means months of purchasing , planning, nagging, chauffeuring, chaperoning and negotiating. † This is an opinion because SE it is not true for all children and parents to view going back to school that way. That SST atonement reflects more on Clinician’s point of view than on scientifically proven facts. If Clicking would have mentioned a percentage of how many kids are excited to go back to school and how many parents are not excited for the school year to begin, it would b e a more reliable source. Findings in this article are trustworthy because it uses a lot of sources such as different people and different studies in different journals. This create s an unbiased argument. How to cite Psychology Post Labor Day, Papers

Core Competencies in an Organization

Question: Discuss about the Core Competencies in an Organization. Answer: Introduction: For the purpose of anticipating the changes in the business, it is expected that management should try to build the relevant strategic plan. Emphasizing over the core competencies of the company, it should set up a different integrated system that cannot be replicated by the competitors. Through the explanation given by Segal-Horn (2009), core competencies are defined as the collective knowledge related to how to combine the diverse resources of the company, along with technology and know-how (Segal-Horn 2009). As the base of competitive benefits for the company is gaining stability for the long term, core competencies of the enterprise are getting both strengthen and weaken (Segal-Horn 2009). Methodology and means of analysis Conserving the core competencies is referred as a methodology that could be categorized in three areas. Through shielding including protecting the resources of the company for minimizing the risk to the less, while simultaneously enhancing the risk for the competitors, and co-option that is collaboration, which usually results in increasing the market share for having the active party in relation (Grant 2008). The final methodology is referred as recycling, in which core competencies prove track record is importantly contributed towards increasing profits is used from time to time (Grant 2008). Another method that could be used for leveraging the core competencies is recovery. The faster the recovery speed, the time is taken in turning the product through development in the saturation of the market and back towards new product development, the higher is the chance of recovering the investment is quicker (Grant 2008). This leverage method is mainly noticeable in the technology industry, in which product garners are quite popular, and its successor is already launched. Argument advanced in the article Concentrating over the core competencies is considered as the method including two facts; one is convergence that reflects over complete vision and is close to all the resources converges within the time, and the next is the focus (Segal-Horn and Boojihawan 2006). Through emphasizing over the most relevant core competencies over the most important aspects permits the company in fulfilling the necessary short-term goals is quite useful (Segal-Horn and Boojihawan 2006). The accumulating process of core competencies implies to both the company specific core competencies and various other companies. Holding the information that is not developed by the corporation, but its quite easier to access could be highly advantageous as it could reduce the time spend over carrying out the menial job along with permitting the company to continue their learning and development through adopting the resources by acquisition, merger and joint ventures (Segal-Horn and Boojihawan 2006). Knowledge by the experience and through companys continual process towards learning for the purpose of applying the lesson is referred as extraction (Segal-Horn and Boojihawan 2006). Some core competencies are actually standalone resources; one instance is returned as an open culture, which is exhibited through Apple Inc., in which creative individuals are provided with relevant space for the purpose of developing the ideas (Gleadle and Bakhru 2007). More often it is seen that companies explore the cumulative impact of core competencies that is high than the exploiting individually, and this method is known as blending (Gleadle and Bakhru 2007). Conclusions/findings Relying on the arguments given above, it is not possible to mention the concept of the core competencies is considered as the advanced tool, which could support in making the unique strategy for business and for exploring the strength and opportunities (Crisis 2014). However, this type of approach cannot be worn by the company against the changes in market turbulent. Rather, then despite many limitations due to generalizability, the outcomes of the study highly indicate that the practitioners need to evaluate the strength and weakness and try to incorporate the blend of various approaches for attaining high (Crisis 2014). Companies need to adopt effective strategic management for the purpose of cultivating the own core competencies. Companies need to make use of their own internal and external benefits and opportunities for overcoming the internal and risk shortcoming; convert the weakness in benefits and risk in opportunities, eventually become a core competency of the company (Cris is 2014). Implications for managers/management during organizational change processes There is an expected requirement radically to change the business management concept in the area. Subsequently, it might lead towards the recommendations that corporations should try to function towards a group of core competencies (Prahalad and Hamel 1990). This concept tries to set out the managers framework to set up and acknowledge the competencies. Core competencies could be explained as the intentions and skills that could enable the corporation to resource leveraging (Prahalad and Hamel 1990). Managers should focus on integrating the skills in all aspects of the company. Through understanding the core competencies, which lead towards the successful growth, managers can formulate the ways towards reaching and stretching the resources that move towards new goals with the change in environment (Prahalad and Hamel 1990). It is needed that managers should acknowledge the competencies and align with the company. Competencies don't rely on the individual skills; rather its the collec tion of skills in the company (Prahalad and Hamel 1990). Strengths As per Robbins, Bradley and Spicer (2001), core competencies is supportive for the organizations to select the pattern of strategic management to make it flexible and module towards outstanding culture and value; furthermore, core competencies support the company in strengthening the management of company, as the company possesses different resources (Robbins, Bradley and Spicer 2001). Firstly, core competencies consider the requirement and value that is required by customers. It could importantly enhance the product and service efficiency improvement along with a reduction in cost with increasing firms competitive benefits (Robbins, Bradley and Spicer 2001). Secondly, the companys innovation ability to invent the new items determine the core competency as the strength (Robbins, Bradley and Spicer 2001). The core competency also offers an opportunity to respond quickly towards emerging innovation and technology and also increase the rival capability. This can be considered as the con cept strength (Thomas and Cheese 2005). Weaknesses As one could see, few enterprises had vanished after they came in, from which some had gone downhill, where else few were strong after facing the ups and down. The reason exists that it is profoundly hard to maintain the core competency (Katz 1955). Below is the weakness of the core competency, how one could make use of core competency and how could it be sustain (Robbins, Bradley and Spicer 2001). The core competencies emphasize over the internal factors or in another context, it tries to ignore the external factors. As per Kirkpatrick (1959), the increase in firms is dependent on the companies accumulating experiences as well as knowledge, instead of foreign power (Robbins, Bradley and Spicer 2001). Since all the actors are depreciated, it is important to emphasize over the internal development and try to neglect all the outside massive changes in the environment that could lead towards the failure and surplus of the competitive benefits (Popper and Lipshitz 1993). The excessive an d blind of the diversification could lead towards the core competency loss. For instance, the Giant Group that started their business in IT industry determine o become IBM in China, but later on the company switch towards producing nutrition food then move towards real-estate and invest their money towards constructing the huge building (Popper and Lipshitz 1993). For treating the diversification, is not same as rejection. References Crisis. 2014. The national charity for single homeless people. [Online]. Available at: https://www.crisis.org.uk [Accessed on: 17th August 2016]. Gleadle, P. and Bakhru, A. 2007. B820 Unit 3 Competing With Capabilities. Milton Keynes: Open University Grant, R. 2008. Contemporary Strategy Analysis. Oxford: Blackwell Katz, R. L. 1955. Skills of an effective administrator. Harvard Business review, 33(1), pp. 33-42. Kirkpatrick, D. 1959. Techniques for evaluating training programs. Journal of American Society of Training Directors, 13 (3-9), pp. 21-6. Popper, M. and Lipshitz, R. 1993. Putting leadership theory to work: a conceptual framework for theory-based leadership development. Leadership Organization Development Journal, 14 (7), pp. 23-7. Prahalad, C.K. and Hamel, G. 1990. The core competence of the corporation'. Harvard Business Review, 5, pp.78-90 Robbins, C. J., Bradley, E. H., and Spicer, M. 2001. Developing leadership in healthcare administration: A competeny assessment tool. Journal of Healthcare Management, 46(3), pp. 188-199. Segal-Horn, S. 2009. The Strategy Reader. Oxford: Blackwell Segal-Horn, S. and Boojihawan, D. 2006. B820 Unit 1 Introduction: What Is Strategy? Milton Keynes: Open University Thomas, R.J. and Cheese, P. 2005. Leadership: experience is the best teacher. Strategy Leadership, 33 (3), pp. 24-9.

The Under Ground Railroad Essay Example For Students

The Under Ground Railroad Essay The Voyage to the Free LandIn Americas 19th century, many slaves escaped North by way of the dangerous Underground Railroad to attain freedom. It was the most effective protest against slavery, resulting in many free lives. The term Underground Railroad does not mean underground tunnels, but rather secret routes escaped slaves followed, usually leading them north to Canada; the free land. Thousands of slaves escaped yearly through treacherous conditions to attain their freedom. Not only did the slaves have to be determined and secretive, they had to be strong as well. To defy the Fugitive Slave Act, many abolitionists risked their lives to covertly help hide the runaways, protecting them from bounty hunters. The Underground Railroad was the road the freedom for the blacks, no matter how far they needed to travel, they were determined to reach independence. Most slaves were owned by plantation owners who used them for field and housework. There were many principal objectives for runni ng away: long exhausting hours, malnutrition, beatings, and fear of being parted from loved ones. Most escapees were men whose ages ranged from 16 to 35 years. Many masters offered little or no pay, forcing slaves to live in unhealthy living conditions. As a result, many were determined to run away, but mainly because coloreds hungered for liberation. We will write a custom essay on The Under Ground Railroad specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The Underground Railroad spanned thousands of miles, from Kentucky and Virginia across Ohio and Indiana. In the Northerly direction, it extended from Maryland, across Pennsylvania, into New York, through New England. As a guide, thousands of slaves followed the North Star on clear nights, leading them to their next stop or station. ?Station houses were not merely places for a nights tarrying, but homes where the ill and fatigued might remain and be cared for until strong enough for the onward journey? (James qtd. MacDougall 5). ?On clouded evenings, tree moss, which grew on the north side of tree trunks then served as a guide? (Jones 6). Routes leading from one safe-house to another were called lines. People who helped runaways were known as conductors. ?Isaac Patterson has a cave on his place where the fugitives were secreted and fed two or three weeks at a time until the hunt for them was over. The friends, in covered wagons would take them to Sandusky, Ohio. The largest number tak en was seven? (Jones qtd. Blessingame 8). In the decade before the Civil War, approximately 70,000 slaves safely escaped to Canada. The average distance traveled by an escaped slave in one night was about ten to fifteen miles. The further the slave reached north, the shorter the distance it was to reach the next station. Most blacks escaped on weekends; holidays; or harvest season, allowing them more time not to be discovered. To evade capture, fugitives depended on back roads, waterways, mountains, swamps, forests, and fields to escape. In addition, slaves needed to be clever. ?females dressed up as males and males disguised as females; or fair-skinned African Americans passed as Whites; and others pretended to deliver messages or goods to their masters?(NiiCa qtd. Haskins). By the 1840s, conductors used other means of transportation: wagon, steamboat and trains, in addition some slaves may have been shipped to free states or Canada in boxes. However, escape routes were not just confined to the North, but also stretched to western territories, Mexico, and the Caribbean. Thousands of abolitionists defied the Fugitive Slave Act by helping free slaves through he Underground Railroad. This law states that the South should accept California as a free state and allow prohibition of slave trade in the District of Columbia. .u534fef6771ece26329d75ae530fa4294 , .u534fef6771ece26329d75ae530fa4294 .postImageUrl , .u534fef6771ece26329d75ae530fa4294 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u534fef6771ece26329d75ae530fa4294 , .u534fef6771ece26329d75ae530fa4294:hover , .u534fef6771ece26329d75ae530fa4294:visited , .u534fef6771ece26329d75ae530fa4294:active { border:0!important; } .u534fef6771ece26329d75ae530fa4294 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u534fef6771ece26329d75ae530fa4294 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u534fef6771ece26329d75ae530fa4294:active , .u534fef6771ece26329d75ae530fa4294:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u534fef6771ece26329d75ae530fa4294 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u534fef6771ece26329d75ae530fa4294 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u534fef6771ece26329d75ae530fa4294 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u534fef6771ece26329d75ae530fa4294 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u534fef6771ece26329d75ae530fa4294:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u534fef6771ece26329d75ae530fa4294 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u534fef6771ece26329d75ae530fa4294 .u534fef6771ece26329d75ae530fa4294-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u534fef6771ece26329d75ae530fa4294:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Ideologies EssayWhile the stringent laws of the Fugitive Slave Act were being enforced and the institution of slavery continued unabated, many abolitionists assisted escaped slaves regardless of the consequences. These abolitionists, who were primarily composed of Quakers, ex-slaves and other liberal thinking citizens, helped establishthe Underground Railroad (Beigel 3). The Men and women would shelter frightened escapees for lengths of time to protect them from merciless bounty hunters. Usually the success of the runaways excursions relied upon the willingness of other slaves to give the refugee assistance. Sometimes, Africa Americans and white abolitionists worked conjointly to help a fugitive. Black denizens risked fines and incarceration as they became involved in the Underground Railroad, providing food, shelter, and acting as conductors. Throughout northern cities and towns, coloreds created vigilance councils to organize their assistance to runaway slaves and those who were held in slavery. A notable conductor was Harriet Tubman, an escaped slave who made it her obligation to rescue other blacks from this terrible life, helping over 300 runaways achieve freedom. Quakers raised funds from church to feed and clothe the escapees. Over 3,000 people assisted, including Levi Coffin, often called president of the Underground Railroad who helped over 3,000 slaves to escape. The Underground Railroad was not organized till the late 1830s, yet by 1844, over 40,000 slaves had followed the North Star to Canada. In conclusion, the Underground Railroad helped many slaves escape to the North to get freedom. Thousands of slaves fled through and from perilous environments to become free. They were determined and covert and strong. Most stayed up all night, managing to make it to their next stop fifteen miles away. Many abolitionists endangered their lives to secretly help hide the fugitives, protecting them from bounty hunters. It was a strenuous journey, but because of determination and for fighting for basic human rights, they succeeded. BibliographyBeigel, Hochschild, May. History Of the Underground Railroad. 1997. Mar 19. 1999. James, Karen. St. James African Methodist Episcopal Church: The Underground Railroad. 1997. Mar 17. 1999. NiiCa. History and Geography Of the Underground railroad. 1999History Reports

The hope hygeia essays

The hope hygeia essays Standing at about seven feet tall The Hope Hygeia, a Roman copy of an original Greek sculpture, holds a very commanding presences. When I looked into her eyes, for the first time, she held my glance in way that I found difficult to turn away from. I felt almost as though she was looking right though me, as if I was just an insignificant being passing by. With a strong presence like this, it suggest that she was originally placed in a public place, perhaps a palace. Hygeia is the Greek goddess of heath and healing. She focuses her healing abilities on the power of cleanliness. Although, she was not one of the twelve major goddesses, Hygeia was and still is a significant symbol of heath and cleanliness. The word hygeia is derived from the word hugies or hygies, meaning healthy, which is also the root word for hygiene. This sculpture was of the Goddess was found on Ostia, The Port of Rome, along with The Hope of Athenian in the year 1797. This copy was sculpted in the second century A.D., after the original form which was created in 360 B.C. The medium of The Hope Hygeia is pure smooth white marble. Her arms and nose are missing, probably broken of over time. Hygeia is the ideal form, she is healthy and virtually perfect. As a freestanding sculpture, she stands in a natural relaxed position. Her garment is draped over her body in a way that enhances the look of movement. It appears to be made of two or three thin clothes. The first, is a very sheer material and is draped over her right shoulder, and you can see her right breast though it. The second, is slightly thicker and more bulky fabric, this is draped over her left shoulder and falls around her mid thigh. The bulk of the second cloth falls behind her and rest on the back of right arm and lower back. Soft lines chiseled by the artist make this possible. Her garment covers her engaged right leg and foot, but he left leg ...

Ban Chiang Culture And Dong Son Culture History Essay

Ban Chiang Culture And Dong Son Culture History Essay For the origin of the metalwork in Southeast Asia, there were many different opinions of the scholars. Some scholars support that the metalwork in Southeast Asia was origin locally and some of them support that it was from India and China. But unluckily, there is not enough evidence to prove which of them would be the truth. Therefore, the origin of the metalwork in Southeast Asia is not clear and uncertain. Compare with the Ban Chiang culture, the Dong son culture was appeared later in Southeast Asia. The Dong son was also one of the flourishing cultures during Bronze and Iron Age period in Southeast Asia. In geography, the center of the Dong son culture was located in the Red river valley at the North Vietnam. It was named by the village where the archeologists had found. The Dong son culture was not form independently and it was probably developed from the local Neolithic cultures at Vietnam such as the Dong dau. Different to the Ban Chiang, there was the monarch kingdom (VÄà †â€™n Lang and Au Lac) appeared in Vietnam. The Dong son people did trade in Southeast Asia and also China and India by sea, it made the Dong son culture was influenced and transformed by the Indian and the Chinese. In 43 AD., the Dong son was occupied and rude by the Han dynasty in China. The characteristic of the Dong son culture was the bronze object with the high level craftsmanship. Till the Dong son period, the people mastered the technology and skill of the bronze making, they used the metals to make many different kind of metal tools. The metallurgy and the bronze making was in a very high level, and they developed their own sophisticated metallurgy techniques based on the special quality of the bamboo and they were able to use the bamboo to fashion a fire-piston that produced the heat required to liquefy metal.   [ 1 ]    The Dong son people used the metal tools in their life, especially the bronze. They used the bronze in making the agricultural tools such as the ploug hshare, axe, spade, sickles and hoe etc, (few of them were made by iron) it reflected that the agriculture was high developed in Dong son and the ploughshare was the typical agricultural bronze tools in this culture, it showed and proved that the Dong son people had already domesticated and used the water buffalos’ strength in their agricultural activities. Besides the agricultural tools, many weapons were found in the relics of the Dong son culture. It might reflect that there were wars happened in this region. There were various of weapons were found and it included the arrows, axe, daggers, spears, swords and breastplates etc., different kind of these weapons showed that the military technology of the Dong son people was quite completed. On the other hands, the weapons were rich of decorative patterns, those patterns were vividly and detailed. The weapons were made in many different shape and the patterns was usually animals and human figures, it represented that the metal lurgic technology of the Dong son people was very sophisticated and we can also see what the Dong son people looked like from the patterns.

Project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Project - Assignment Example He has emphasized on the some of the most important areas of human development which include health and education. According to Kanna (2011), Al-Maktoum has invested heavily on education as well on the development of knowledge within the region of UAE by grooming potential leaders within the private as well as public sectors of UAE and also by promoting other crucial areas such as research and development, business leadership, youth empowerment, cultural development, preservation of traditional heritage and also promoting various platforms for the economy. Under his leadership, UAE has become an economic powerhouse (Davis). The leadership approach by Al-Maktoum has been transformational. Literally speaking, transformational leadership is a leadership style which is able to implicit certain positive changes within the people who follow the leader (Bass). Transformational leaders like Al-Maktoum are energetic, passionate as well as highly enthusiastic. The government of Al-Maktoum has not only transformed the fate of UAE but has made UAE as one of the most dominant countries in the world (Davidson). An insight on the leadership strategy of Al-Maktoum can be further elaborated: Self-awareness: Al-Maktoum’s government has consistently got in touch with the citizens of UAE and has asked people for feedback and suggestions for improvements and has also listened to what is needed for improvement. Eliminating self interest: The leadership approach of Al-Maktoum goes beyond portraying any level of self interest or selfishness and is an approach which has a mass effect. His strategy has balanced any potential conflict of interest which may arise between the citizens. According to Al-Al (2008), by implementing an adequate level of trust as well as by generating the enthusiastic support from his subordinates, leaders have the adequate ability in improving individual as well as team performance. Due to this reason, this of approach of

Kill Bill Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Kill Bill - Essay Example No doubt, the girl standing in the middle is the dominant character of the film. It can be proved with the elements: 1. Size: she is the one with largest size in the scene. 2. Focus. Focus is on the sun and the girl. She is more in focus as she comes in front of the sunset 3. Lighting. She is in clear lightening effetcs 4. Color. In the whole bluosh background, she is the one wearing skin top. High key? Low key? High contrast? Some combination of these? The scene is low lightening, the scene is not very much bright and the blur things, there are diffused shadows and atmospheric pools of light. What type of shot? How far away is the camera from the action? This is the full shot, showing the full body of girl, and a minimum location of her is identified. Are we (and the camera) looking up or down on the subject? Or is the camera neutral (eye level)? The scene is captured from the high angle, the girls body is insignificant but still one can see it and the angle seems harmless. What is the dominant color? Are there contrasting foils? Is there color symbolism? ... Other than sun are the circles produced by the sun rays in the scene that capture the attention. How much visual information is packed into the image Is the texture stark, moderate, or highly detailed The image is quite dense, the image is wide but the things are still blur. How is the two-dimensional space segmented and organized What is the underlying design The scene is horizontal and circular, the sunrays give a circular touch and the girl and her surroundings make a horizontal frame suggesting peacefulness. Is the form open or closed Does the image suggest a window that arbitrarily isolates a fragment of the scene Or a proscenium arch, in which the visual elements are carefully arranged and held in balance The form is closed, enclosing the whole scenario and self contained. The necessary information of the sad environment is clearly structured. Thus it is a longer shot Is the framing tight or loose Do the character have no room to move around, or can they move freely without impediments The framing is losse, it's a large ground where the characters can move freely. On how many planes is the image composed (how many are in focus) Does the background or foreground comment in any way on the mid-ground The form is deep, allowing all planes to be in the focus. The girl with the sun and sun rays circles. And the whole ground with some plants are also zaprured. What part of the framed space do the characters occupy Center Top Bottom Edges Why The character is focused in the center implying its importance in the film. Which way do the characters look vis-a-vis the camera The focus is back to camera revealing girls alienation from the world. The only

Terrorism and human rights abuses in the Balkans Essay Example for Free

Terrorism and human rights abuses in the Balkans Essay Abstract This essay aims to explain the history of and the reasons for the existence of terrorism in the Balkans. It also compared the similarity between human rights abuses in Persian gulf nations and Islamic fundamentalist-themed terrorist attacks on the United States. Lastly, this essay will also answer why the fall of the Soviet Union will lead to an increase in terrorism in Eastern Europe. Terrorism and Human Rights Abuses in the Balkans, Eastern Europe and the Persian Gulf The Balkans, despite being a relatively small area, is home to an expansive assortment of nationalities, cultures and religions (Popescu, 2008). Hence, it is inevitable that any changes in the balance between them will have important political, social and economic consequences that will affect the entire region (Popescu, 2008). Terrorist groups took advantage of the instability brought about by the distrust of Balkan societies in their respective governments (Popescu, 2008). As a result, they easily turned the region into a breeding ground for extremist and fundamentalist groups, as well as a â€Å"transit corridor† for missions in third countries (Popescu, 2008). The war in Bosnia-Herzegovina in the 1990s, for instance, originated from the desire of the Bosniaks (Bosnian Muslims) to establish an Islamic state (Popescu, 2008). They used Islam as a â€Å"nationalistic rhetoric,† equating the survival of their country with the restoration of Muslim national identity (Popescu, 2008). The Bosniaks were supported by Islamic countries such as Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan, Kuwait, Libya and Iran, providing them with weapons and soldiers (Popescu, 2008). From 1992 to 1995, 6,000 â€Å"Arab-Afghan† rebels came to the country to fight in the hostility (Popescu, 2008). After 9/11, majority of the charitable institutions in Bosnia-Herzegovina were investigated and closed down due to their alleged ties with terrorist organizations like the Al-Qaeda (Popescu, 2008). In March 2002, police raided the Bosanska Idealna Futura-BIF, a Sarajevo-based humanitarian organization (Popescu, 2008). They found military manuals, forged passports, weapons and personal correspondence between Osama bin Laden and BIF founder Enaam Mahmud Arnaout (Popescu, 2008). Human rights abuses by Persian Gulf nations (Saudi Arabia, Iraq, UAE, Kuwait, etc. ) and terrorist attacks against US interests were both intended to supress political opposition. Despite publicly denouncing â€Å"American imperialism,† the aforementioned countries are notorious for grossly violating the human rights of their citizens (Simbulan, 2002). Majority of political prisoners in the Persian gulf nations were detained for speaking out against corruption and totalitarianism in their respective countries (Simbulan, 2002). Prominent Omani playwright and human rights activist Abdullah Ryami was imprisoned on July 2005 for vocally criticizing the Omani governments arrest and trial of 31 Omanis belonging to the Ibadi sect for allegedly plotting a coup (Human Rights Watch, 2005). At the time of his incarceration, he had no contact with his family or a legal counsel (Human Rights Watch, 2005). He was also banned from writing in newspapers and producing plays for television (Human Rights Watch, 2005). On December 2007, activists in Bahrain staged a series of demonstrations to â€Å"mark abuses by security forces during political unrest in the 1990s† (Human Rights Watch, 2008). Dozens of people were arrested in the violent dispersals that ensued, including opposition political activists who protested the Bahraini governments repression of civil liberties (Human Rights Watch, 2008). In January 2008, detainees complained of being subjected to physical and sexual abuse by interrogators and jailers (Human Rights Watch, 2008). The prisoners request for independent physicians to examine the extent of their injuries was also denied (Human Rights Watch, 2008). The collapse of the Soviet Union contributed to terrorist activities in Eastern Europe by making its newly-formed republics more vulnerable to American military intervention (Howstuffworks, 2008). After the Soviet bloc fell, the US emerged as the worlds remaining superpower (Howstuffworks, 2008). The breakup of the Soviet Union granted the US easy access to its natural resources, particularly oil (Howstuffworks, 2008). The paragraph below summarized the regions potential: Afghanistan occupies the central position in the U. S. strategy for the economic control of the oil and gas resources in the entire Middle East. The U. S. currently imports 51 per cent of its crude oil 19. 5 million barrels daily. The Energy Information Administration estimates that by 2020, the U. S. will import 64 per cent of its crude 25. 8 million barrels a day. Caspian region oil reserves might be the third largest in the world (after Western Siberia and the Persian Gulf) and, within the next 15 to 20 years, may be large enough to offset Persian Gulf oil. Caspian Sea oil and gas are not the only hydrocarbon deposits in the region. Turkmenistans Karakum Desert holds the worlds third largest gas reserves three trillion cubic meters and has six billion barrels of estimated oil reserves. Current estimates indicate that, in addition to huge gas deposits, the Caspian basin may hold as much as 200 billion barrels of oil 33 times the estimated holdings of Alaskas North Slope and a current value of $4 trillion. It is enough to meet the U. S. energy needs for 30 years or more (Yechury, 2001). Hence, it was no longer surprising if the US declared war against the Taliban regime of Afghanistan. But majority of the extremist and terrorist groups in the former Soviet Bloc and in Eastern Europe are allied with the Taliban, as the Taliban provided them with weapons, training and manpower (Godoy, 2001). Therefore, the US will have to face a bigger threat of terrorism in Eastern Europe. References __________. (2002, October). The Oil Equation in the US Bid against Iraq. Education for Development, 1, 15-16. Capdevila, G. (2002, October). Outgoing UN Human Rights Chief Repeats Criticisms against US. Education for Development, 1, 30-31. Deen, T. (2002, October). UN Credibility at Stake over Iraq, Warn Diplomats. Education for Development, 1, 10-11. Godoy, J. (2001, November 15). US Policy Towards Taliban Influenced by Oil – Authors. Retrieved February 28, 2008 from http://www. commondreams. org/headlines01/1115-06. htm. Howstuffworks. (2008). The Fall of the Soviet Union and the Rise of Terrorism. Retrieved February 28, 2008 from http://history. howstuffworks. com/cold-war/the-cold-war-timeline4.htm. Human Rights Watch. (2005, July 18). Oman: Critics Subjected to Injustices They Had Exposed. Retrieved February 28, 2008 from http://hrw. org/english/docs/2005/07/18/oman11343. htm. Human Rights Watch. (2008, January 21). Bahrain: Investigate Alleged Torture of Activists. Retrieved February 28, 2008 from http://hrw. org/english/docs/2008/01/21/bahrai17838. htm. Human Rights Watch. (2008, February 16). Bahrain: New Allegations of Detainee Abuse. Retrieved February 28, 2008 from http://hrw. org/english/docs/2008/02/16/bahrai18083.htm. Lobe, J. (2002, October). US Vision of Might and Right. Education for Development, 1, 3-5. Popescu, Teodora. (2008). Tackling Terrorism in the Balkans. PDF File. Retrieved February 28, 2008 from sparky. harvard. edu/kokkalis/GSW9/Popescu_paper. pdf. Simbulan, R. (2002, October). Why the UN Must Defend Iraq against the US War of Aggression. Education for Development, 1, 48-50. Yechury, Sitram. (2001). America, Oil and Afghanistan. Retrieved February 28, 2008 from http://www. hinduonnet. com/2001/10/13/stories/05132524. htm.

The Effects of Birth Order Essay -- Birth Human Behavior Personality E

Does birth order have an effect on personality? Does being first born make people more responsible? If someone is the middle born child, are they going to be more rebellious? If people are last born are they more likely to be on television? Are first born children inconsiderate and selfish or reliable and highly motivated? These, and many other questions are being thoroughly studied by psychologists (Harrigan, 1992). In 1923, the renowned psychiatrist Dr. Alfred Adler, wrote that a person's position in the family leaves an undeniable "stamp" on his or her "style of life" (Marzollo, 1990). Research has shown that birth order does indeed affect a child; however, it does not automatically shape personality. If it did, life would be much more predictable and a great deal less interesting (Marzollo, 1990). Yogi Bera, a famous baseball player, said "Every now and then a reporter who thinks he is Freud asks me if being the youngest is why I made it (playing professional baseball). I almost alw ays say yes, but I don't think it had anything to do with it" (Harrigan, 1992). Birth order doesn't explain everything about human behavior. Personality is affected by many different factors, such as heredity, family size, the spacing and sex of siblings, education, and upbringing. However, there is an awful lot of research and plain old "law of averages" supporting the affect of birth order on personality (Leman, 1985). There are four basic classifications of birth order: the oldest, the only, the middle, and the youngest. Each has its own set of advantages, as well as its own set of disadvantages. While the birth order factor isn't always exact, it does give many clues about why people are the way they are (Leman, 1985). If there is one word that describes first born children it would be "perfectionist" (Harrigan, 1992). First born children tend to be high achievers in whatever they do. Some traits customarily used to label first born children include reliable, conscientious, list maker, well organized, critical, serious, scholarly (Leman, 1985), self-assured, good leadership ability, eager to please, and nurturing (Brazelton, 1994). Also, first born children seem to have a heightened sense of right and wrong. It is common in most books about birth order that first born children get more press than only, middle, and youngest children. This... ...ute as a darling little baby, but the next minute she's compared unfavorably with an older sibling. He or she is often unfairly compared with older and stronger siblings. According to Beverly Hills-based psychiatrist Carole Lieberman, M.D., the self-image of the youngest child may become confused (Lanning, 1991). As a result of conflicting experiences, youngest children can be extremely self-confident in someways and insecure in others (Leman, 1985). For the most part, youngest children learn to cope with the problems of self-doubt. In fact, youngest children often go on to become quite successful, thanks in part to their originality and determination to prove themselves to the world (Lanning, 1991). Often, they express their unique view of the world through the visual or literary arts. People-pleasing fields, such as art, comedy, entertainment and sales are full of youngest children (Lanning, 1991). Some examples of famous youngest children include Ronald Reagan (president, actor), Eddie Murphy (comedian), Paul Newman (actor), Mary Lou Retton (gymnast), Billy Crystal (comedian), Yogi Bera (baseball player), Ted Kennedy (politician), and Kevin Leman (psychologist)

Benefits Of Family-Friendly Policies Essay

The past few decades, families in Hong Kong faced in undergone major changes, intense pace of life and hard work always affected families’ features. How to balance family life and work have become a social policy, in order to establish a family-friendly community, have implemented various measures to help employees balance their work and family lives, promote family relationship. In this essay, first I will explain these policies how to help with all aspects of employee, and then analysis of these measures on the employment benefit. Finally, pointed out that Hong Kong Government and the enterprises on how to implement these policies. Family-friendly employment may implement different policies to meet the needs of employees. Including the introduction of given family leave benefits, such as marriage leave, paternity leave, parental leave, compassionate leave, special casual leave and special long leave, etc (GovHK, n.d.). This measure will be through the height of the working environment and working arrangements to facilitate employees in taking care of family needs, such as the five-day working week, flexible work time and family-based work, and so on. The other hand will provide support to families, including child care services, counselling services, child custody etc. A Research Report prepared by the Department of Applied Social Sciences of The Hong Kong Polytechnic University is named â€Å"Family-Friendly Workplace† noted that Most respondents agreed or strongly agreed with implementing â€Å"family-friendly† policies. (Poly U, 2002) Family-friendly policies can also bring much benefits to company. In a supportive working environment, staffs will feel they are valued and employer will gain the benefit. Firstly, employer can reduce staff turnover and retain potential employee. On the other hand, many people were convinced that employees working flexible hours were more productive than those working traditional hours. This measure in addition to motivate employees, increase productivity, but also improved reputation and corporate image, therefore there are many large enterprises are involved in the implementation of these measures. In view of this, government and enterprises were organized a variety of measures and activities promoting family-friendly policies. The booklet prepared by the Labour Department’s album â€Å"Good people management & Family-Friendly Employment Practices† (labour.gov.hk, n.d.). Through a variety of good measures taken by the employer, may learn to provide for all instances. Research on Family-friendly Employment Policies and Practices in Hong Kong from The Equal Opportunities Commission (EOC) and the Women’s Commission (WoC) (EOC 2006). They hope that through this survey, a better understanding in Hong Kong, companies or institutions can help employees balance their work and family roles provides programme needs. A Family-Friendly Employers Award Scheme 2011 was organised by the Family Council. The award scheme aims to give recognition to employers who attach importance to the spirit of family-friendliness (gov.hk, 2011). Through these activities, to undertake a study, to understand the profile of Hong Kong families, and building partnerships with Government, business and professional sectors, actively promote the industry cares family In this essay, I Have attempted to present suggest to implementation of family-friendly policies on families, or employers both have many favorable factors, together with the Hong Kong Government and the enterprises’ efforts, this measure would allow employers and employees there will be a win-win situation.

Music industry Essay

Elaine McArdle said, â€Å"The music industry is struggling with a full blown crisis†. What could possibly be pushing the music industry into a crisis one might ask, illegally downloading free music. In the essay, Up on Downloading, three Harvard Law School professors are trying to come up with different solutions to this problem that is occurring. Now that our technology has become so advanced, many people are figuring out ways to cheat the system, and when people are not paying for the music they have downloaded, the artist is not getting paid. Artists are not the only one losing money but everyone involved producing the music is losing money as well. There is also less and less people going out and buying CD’s. I could probably not even remember the last time I purchased a CD. So how are the artists and producers suppose to make money when we are stealing from them? Zittrain, Nesson, and Fisher believe they could possibly have the solution to save the music industry. Fisher’s model â€Å"would replace the copyright system with a government-administered compensation plan, funded by a tax on hardware and other systems used to play digital music† (McArdle, pg1). Everyone would be able to download music for free, but everyone would have an additional tax on their internet service, blank CD’s, and any other digital device. The artists would be paid by the government based on the number of downloads their music receives. I totally disagree with this model. We already pay countless number of taxes, and many people do not even download music. Why should they be taxed on something else that does not affect them? I also feel our government has enough on their hands as it. We have had many government scandals recently and if I were an artist I would not want to be paid through the government.

The Weather Hazards Associated With Hurricanes

The Weather Hazards Associated With Hurricanes Every year, from June 1 to November 30, the threat of a hurricane strike looms in the minds of vacationers  and residents of  U.S.  coastlines. And its no wonder why. Because of its ability to travel across ocean  and land, a hurricane is almost impossible to outrun. In addition to having an evacuation plan in place, your best line of defense against hurricanes  is to know and recognize its  main hazards, of which there are four: high winds, storm surge, inland flooding, and tornadoes. High Winds As pressure drops inside of a hurricane, air from the surrounding atmosphere rushes into the storm, generating one of its trademark characteristics: winds. A hurricanes winds are among the first conditions to be felt during its approach. Tropical storm-force winds can extend as far as 300 miles (483 km) and hurricane-force winds can extend 25-150 miles (40-241 km) from the storm center. Sustained winds pack enough force to cause structural damage and carry loose debris. Remember that hidden within maximum sustained winds are isolated gusts that actually blow much faster than this. Storm Surge In addition to being a threat in and of itself, wind also contributes to another danger: storm surge. While a hurricane is out to sea, its winds blow across the ocean surface, gradually pushing water out ahead of it. A hurricane’s low pressure assists in this. By the time the storm nears the coast, water has â€Å"piled up† into a dome several hundred miles wide and 15 to 40 feet (4.5-12 m) high. This ocean swell then travels onshore, inundating the coast and eroding beaches. It is the primary cause of loss of life within a hurricane. If a hurricane approaches during high tide, an already risen sea level will lend additional height to a storm surge. The resulting event is referred to as a storm tide. Rip currents are another wind-induced marine hazard to watch for. As winds push water outward toward the shore, water is forced against and along the shoreline, creating a fast current. If there are channels or sandbars leading back out to sea, the current flows violently through these, whisking along anything in its path - including beachgoers and swimmers. Rip currents can be recognized by the following signs: A channel of churning, choppy waterAn area with a noticeable difference in color when compared to the surrounding oceanA line of foam or debris moving out to seaA break in the incoming wave pattern Inland Flooding While storm surge is the main cause of coastal inundation, excessive rains are responsible for the flooding of inland areas. A hurricanes rainbands can dump up to several inches of rain per hour, especially if a storm is moving slowly. This water overwhelms rivers and low-lying areas. When rainbands release water for several consecutive hours or days, this leads to flash and urban flooding.   Because tropical cyclones of all intensities (not just hurricanes) can produce excessive rains, freshwater flooding is considered the most wide-reaching of all tropical cyclone-related dangers. Tornadoes Embedded in a hurricanes rainbands are thunderstorms, some of which are strong enough to spawn tornadoes. Tornadoes produced by hurricanes are typically weaker (usually EF-0s and EF-1s) and shorter-lived than those occurring across the central and midwestern U.S. As a precaution, a tornado watch is usually issued when a tropical cyclone is forecast to make landfall. Beware the Right Front Quadrant A number of factors, including storm strength and track, influence damage levels caused by each of the above. But you may be surprised to learn that something as seemingly insignificant as which one of a hurricanes sides first makes landfall can also greatly increase (or lower) the risk of related hazards, especially storm surge and tornadoes. A direct hit from the right-front quadrant of a hurricane (left-front in the Southern Hemisphere) is considered the most severe. Thats because its here where the storms winds blow in the same direction as the atmospheric steering wind, causing a net gain in wind speed. For example, if a hurricane has sustained winds of 90 mph (category 1 strength) and is moving at 25 mph, its right front region would effectively have winds up to category 3 strength (90 25 mph 115 mph). Conversely, because winds on the left side oppose steering winds, a reduction in speed is felt there. Using the previous example, a 90 mph storm with 25 mph steering winds becomes a 65 mph effective wind. Since hurricanes continually spiral counter-clockwise (clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere) as they travel, it can be difficult to distinguish one side of the storm from another. Heres a tip: pretend youre standing directly behind the storm with your back in the direction its traveling. Its right side will be the same as your right. So if a storm is traveling due west, the right front quadrant would actually be its northern region.

Internship report Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Internship report - Term Paper Example My role was just to check the billing details and enter the data correctly into the computer but when I saw some ambiguity in the record, I told my supervisor about that. When he checked the record, he made out that the customer has not made full payment and the sale was closed by mistake. Knowing the mistake in record, the supervisor unclosed the sale and called the customer to make the remaining payment. He also appreciated my effort in clearing the mistake. From this event, I learned that a person should work with full devotion in order to eliminate the chances of errors. The objectives, which I had set for the past 3 weeks of the internship period, were to understand all types of financial issues related to the mortgage company, to understand the decision-making style of the managers, and to understand the type of communication that takes place between the members of the work teams. I met my objectives by paying full concentration towards the roles, which were assigned to me. For example, I worked in the billing department, which provided me with a great chance to understand different financial issues of the company. I also worked with a team to write a professional blog about the market situation, which provided me with the chance to examine the type of communication that takes place between the group members. My objectives for the next three weeks include working as a team leader and closing maximum number of loans for the company. I think the way I am working for the company; my manager will surely provide me with the opportunity to work as a team leader in the finance department of the company. I can also meet the goal of closing maximum number of loans if I work with full dedication and interest as a team leader. I will measure my achievements by viewing my performance record maintained by the company. So, these were some of those objectives that I have set for the next

The Confucian virtue of Chun Tzu Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

The Confucian virtue of Chun Tzu - Essay Example One aspect in American society that I feel Chun tzu would work especially well is in our current politics. One might assume that Te, or power, would be most closely associated with politics and politicians, but I do not think this is the case in America. We seem to be in a state of perpetual bickering and insults between individual politicians and political parties. I cannot help but notice that all of these individuals seem to be extremely insecure, regardless of how they present themselves to the media and the American people. Chun tzu practiced by the politicians of the United States would change the whole nature of political discourse. Discussion would be elevated above the sniping remarks and one-line zingers that seem to dominate the day. Instead, discourse would focus on ideas, not put-downs. Chun tzu would encourage the mature tolerance of opposing ideas while at the same time inspiring one to present an opposing view in a way that is influential but not confrontation or demeaning. Like the consummate host or hostess, politicians would find plenty to perhaps disagree with, but would refrain from being disagreeable. Another aspect of American culture that would greatly benefit from the virtue of Chun tzu is the writing that drives the interactions between people in our movies and our television shows. So much of what is available seems to focus on making other people uncomfortable as a means of getting a laugh or building drama. After watching shows that are written this way, Americans are a little less sensitive to one another. Coarse language is easier to use and the feelings of others are less important, especially if it makes someone laugh. Chun tzu allows plenty of room for the writing of great dramas and comedies. It does not indicate that there is never conflict between individuals and institutions. It does imply that if there is conflict, however, resolving the conflict is best so relations can be mended. Much of the entertainment in America seems determined to create strife and division between individuals. Especially troubling for Americans at this time is the fact that immature comme nts are not confined to entertainment through the media. Knowing how to behave as a fan at a baseball game or how to enjoy a play without annoying those around you seems to be an art that is being lost. In politics, entertainment and society, a large dose of Chun tzu is necessary so that mature individuals and actions are not looked upon as outside the norm, but are actually the norm for us all. Journal #10 The Taoist term wu wei or water is one that I think could be easily misunderstood in the West. The idea of water does not exactly lend itself to thinking about something powerful in to people in the West. We are full of ideas about water as a natural resource, as a means of transportation. In some ways, Westerners may view water in slightly pejorative terms. Water follows the path of least resistance. Not exactly a show of strength or vigor. Wu wei is a show of force for the Taoist. Not this â€Å"Hey everybody, look at me!† type of force. It is more like a silent, flowing river. There are no rapids to suggest the immense power of erosion the river is exerting on the surface of the Earth. There is no indication of sediment load or chemical interaction with the surrounding bedrock. Yet all of this is happening right before our eyes in a seemingly effortless display of force. Key to this idea of wu wei is the fact that each river finds its own course. It is true that rivers do follow the path of least resistance. Far from making them lazy, this path which the lay of the land and the power of

How do dinosaurs become extinct Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

How do dinosaurs become extinct - Research Paper Example Extinction gets certified when there is no surviving individual that is able to create a new generation through reproduction. Functional extinction describes this state where only a countable few specie members survive, and can neither thrive nor reproduce. This could be as a result of age, lack of representation of both sexes and poor health and distribution. The actual point of extinction is difficult to identify due to the larger potential range that a species has, and the determination of extinction is usually done retrospectively. Dinosaur is a term that gets used to refer to a wide variety of chiefly terrestrial, carnivorous and herbivorous reptiles of the now extinct Ornithischia and Saurischia orders that thrived during the Mesozoic Era. They are thought to have been the biggest known land animals that shared a specific common anatomy. True dinosaurs had legs ankles and hips somewhat structured like a bird’s, such that the legs were mobile under the body and not outside like present lizard species. Sir Owen Richard formed the name dinosaur in 1841 to identify the remains of extinct reptiles. The name dinosaur originated from the Greek word deinos which means fearfully terrible, and sauros, which means lizard. Many explanations have been given, some of which have been convincing, about the extinction of dinosaurs. These explanations range from disease, volcanic eruption, asteroid impact, and climate change, which is the most supported of all theories (Page 56). II CASE PRESENTATION A. ASTEROID IMPACT THEORY The Asteroid Impact theory gets used by many scientists to explain the disappearance of dinosaurs from the face of the earth. As such, several variations of this theory exist, some of which are largely similar with minor differences setting them apart. The asteroid extinction theory gets sometimes referred to as the K-T Asteroid Theory, and the Alvarez Asteroid Impact. All these theories vary marginally, but are all centered on a single event though to have prematurely destroyed most of the life forms on earth dating back 65 million years ago (Norman 77). The asteroid theory got first fronted by the father son team of Walter and Luis Alvarez in1978. Walter and Luis analyzed sediment sam ples collected in the 1970s at the K-T layer close to the town of Gubbio in Italy. The tests revealed high concentrations of the element Iridium, rarely found on earth, but found in abundance in meteorites. Upon analysis of more sediment of K-T boundary strata from other regions of the globe, high concentrations of Iridium got recorded, as well. Guided on the basis of the average sediment thickness, team Alvarez suggested that a large comet or asteroid, perhaps several miles in diameter would be needed to spread as much Iridium as was recorded all over the earth. The impact of such an asteroid hitting the earth would be a massive explosion, massive fires and total annihilation of whatever life existed then, dinosaur inclusive (Parsons 95). A crater, partly submerged in water and worn down, got found along the Mexican Yucatan Peninsula whose creation largely coincides with the K-T boundary. Scientist from the world renowned National Aeronautics and Space Administration estimate that the Chicxulub Crater as it is currently known would have gotten formed as a result of the action of a 6 to 12 mile diameter asteroid. The crater is currently about 130 miles wide (Debus 66). Scientists from the Southwest Research Institute in Colorado have traced the asteroid path back into space. Their calculations revealed that a collision between an asteroid that was 100 miles wide called Baptistina, and another asteroid of relatively small size out beyond Mars’

History of networking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

History of networking - Essay Example The said necessity can be attributed to the advent of the computer technology since stored data in different units of are needed to be shared within a local are or to another remote located. The said need that been realized through the onset of the different networking technologies that made data management faster and more efficient (Morley and Parker, 2009, p.322). The study is aimed to present the history of networking technologies by discussing the chronological development of the different systems that contributed to the present utilizable networking tools. Toward the Development of the Connectionless Computer Networks 1960s: 1. Development of the ARPANET The ARPANET is one of the first networking technologies considered as the precursor of the internet technology. It had been developed in 1969 by a group under the United States Department of Defense known as the Advance Research Projects Agency (ARPA) and known as the ‘first operational packet-switching network’ (St allings, 2007, p.25). ... The original ARPANET design can be seen in Figure 1. From the said circle of users and groups connected to the ARPANET, the number of hosts grew to hundred millions and the number of users grew to billions. In 2007, there are 200 countries that were connected to the network (Stallings, 2007, p.25). From the said official use, the utilization of the system extended to college students. Thus, the ARPANET at that time was being applied for military purposes and for the exchange of information among the groups included in the circle. Through the inclusion of the students, though, a new purpose had been born considered as unintended. Computer games began during that time (Morley and Parker, 2009, p.322). Figure 1. Original ARPANET design. (Source: Tanenbaum, 2003, p.52) Basically, the networks continued to expand through the years. It became massive that it included the different types of hardware from the earliest to the latest such as the ‘DOS-based computers, the Windows-based co mputers, the Apple Macintosh computers, and the UNIX systems. The evolution, development and connection to the ARPANET can be considered as the early stage internet that the world has today (Morley and Parker, 2009; Stallings, 2007). The ARPANET uses the technology contributed by the different participants in the group such as the European networks including Cyclades in France and EIN. This collaboration led to the main system used, which was the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP). The protocol suite then became TCP/IP, the main foundation in the development of the Internet (Stallings, 2007, p.26). 1970s: 1. Development of the System Network Architecture (SNA) The SNA which had been launched in 1974 was developed by IBM. It is a layered

Theoretical Perspectives Within Psychology

Theoretical Perspectives Within Psychology Showing a greater understanding for the different theoretical perspectives within psychology, brings the psychologist or scientist closer in understanding the complexity of human nature and the variety of personalities within society. This paper will focus on 6 of the perspectives [see appendix 1 for a list of theoretical perspectives]. The different theoretical perspectives of psychology have come to exist through the works of different schools of thoughts, who have worked on assessing behavioural patterns as well as human nature. Each of these areas have focused on the byzantine human mind in a number of different ways, through the process of employing a range of methods to analyse the brain and human mind. This has revealed remarkable details of the different human personalities. One of the important theoretical perspectives is known as the cognitive approach/Learning. This field has been influenced by John Watson and his Baby Al experiment, Skinners rat experiments (operant conditioning) and Albert Banduras social cognitive theory and experiments. Because the cognitive approach is scientific, psychologists within this field typically use laboratory experiments under strictly controlled conditions, to study behavior, which critics argue lack ecological validity. Behaviourists have criticised the cognitive approac h, because they believe individuals are born a blank slate, and not with cognitive functions like perception and memory. Finally, it does not always place importance on the physical and environmental factors when determining behaviour, like biological psychology and behaviourism do. In the 1960s Albert Bandura discovered that learning is sometimes possible without reinforcement, if the learner observes the behaviour of others and imitate it. Psychodynamics, proposed by Sigmund Freud, came to exist to describe the processes of the mind as flows of psychological energy within a complex brain. Freuds theories were clinically derived, as they were based on what his patients told him during therapy. This area studies the interrelationship between personality and the mind, by focusing on the conscious and the unconscious entities of the human mind. Based on Freuds beliefs, ego lies at the core of all psychological processes, where human behaviour displays the emotional processes active within a individuals mind. Freuds psychoanalysis was the original psychodynamic theory, but overall the psychodynamic approach includes all theories that were based on his ideas, established by Adler (1927), Erikson (1950) and Jung (1964) (Simply Psychology (2007) [online]). Within medical praxiss, psychodynamic therapies rely upon a theory of inner conflict within an individual, wherein repressed behaviours and emotions come to the surface in t he patients consciousness. The psychodynamic therapist would usually be using this approach to treat the patient for depression or anxiety related disorders. The greatest criticism of this approach is that it is unscientific in its analysis of human behaviour, as the theories are subjective; one cannot scientifically test the unconscious mind. Also, when reading about his research it becomes clear, that his case studies focused, in detail, on individuals who were often middle aged women from Vienna. Thus, the psychodynamic perspective becomes unfalsifiable because the theories cannot be empirically investigated. Biological psychology can be defined as followed: [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] the study of behavior and experience in terms of genetics, evolution, and physiology, especially the physiology of the nervous system. (Helium (2009) [online]) Thus, one can state that the biological perspective uses biology as an approach to understand animal and human behavior. It is important to realise, in order to understand how psychology and biology can coexist, that animals and humans have the ability to evolve as a result of their environment in order to secure their survival. Thus, they can change to better adapt their new surroundings, which is an important factor. This area is relevant to the study of psychology in the following way. The comparative method, looks upon comparing and studying different species, which in the end can give us knowledge in understanding human behaviour. Physiology focuses on the nervous system, comprising brain and spinal cord, and the endocrine system, comprising a number of ductless glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream influence mental processes and behaviour in humans and animals. Many biological scientists today believe that these structures are actually the source of conscious awareness and that they do not just shape consciousness (William James [n.k.] [online]). One of the fundamental biological processes, which have important implications for psychology is genetic transmission/inheritance, ie. the nature-nurture problem relies heavily upon what geneticists have revealed that can be given from parents to offspring, and how genetic factors can intermingle with environmental factors. Each of the ab ove mentioned aspects, the comparative, the physiological and the genetic can all contribute to explaining human behaviour. Through research on the nervous system, scientists have been able to analyse brain functioning under a range of conditions, while also being able to map its relationship to human psychology. Hence, behaviour is regarded as a result of biological and biochemical processes. It is evident that this perspective has expanded significantly in recent years as the technology used to study the nervous system and brain has gradually become more advanced. MRI and PET scans are daily used to look at the effects of drugs, diseases and brain damage, and study its effect on cognitive functioning and general behaviour. Criticisms of this theory are, amongst others, that it often uses a reductionist approach because it specifically focuses on neurological processes. Also, it does not take other possible explanations of behaviour into account like cognitive processes or the impact of the surrounding environment. The biological approach supports a number of theories that originally establish and create d the physiological/biological perspective. Dualism, first used by Descartes, argues that the mind and body are separate entities, but that they interact via the pineal gland in the brain, however today most psychologists ignore this assumption. Materialism believes that the body and mind are the same and further argues that all behaviour is based on physiology, because the mind appears to exist in the brain, thus all feelings, behaviours and thoughts ultimately have a biological and physical cause. Also, they believe that behaviour has a genetic basis, because genes have evolved over millions of years to adapt behaviour to the environment. Heredity, focuses on the biological transmission of personal characteristics from one generation of individuals to the next. Natural selection is: [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] a process resulting in the survival of those individuals from a population of animals or plants that are best adapted to the prevailing environmental conditions. The survivors tend to produce more offspring then those less well adapted, so that the characteristics of the population change over time, thus accounting for the process of evolution. (World English Dictionary (2009) [online] As an admirer of Charles Darwins theory of evolution, Dr. Louis Leakey believed studying chimpanzees might bring great insight into our own evolutionary past, and helped fund Jane Goodalls field research with Gombe chimpanzees in 1957. Here she discovered, as expected, that chimpanzees exemplify behaviors similar to that of human cultures around the world. Adult behavior is reflected in the infants; not transmitted genetically but culturally, as variations occur from one group of chimpanzees to another, like scientists assume also occurred with our distant human ancestors. (Leakey Foundation (2012) [online]). Chimpanzees in certain parts of West Africa crack open nuts with a piece of wood. Others use a stone, or place the nuts on a wood or stone anvil first. Chimps in other areas dont use any such tools, although theres no lack of wood, stones, or the same kinds of nuts. On the west side of the Sassandra River in the Ivory Coast, nut-cracking is popular. No chimpanzees do it on the east side of the river, although the two groups are closely related genetically. Researchers use such criteria to rule out the possibility that nut-cracking behavior is inheritable. (The Harvard University Gazette (1999) [online]) When looking upon a biological model, one may find The Medical of Abnormality model, which has been of great importance to the psychiatric profession the past one hundred years. This model operates from the belief that mental illnesses resemble physical illnesses, thus they can equally be diagnosed and treated: Just as physical illnesses are caused by disease producing germs, genetic factors, biochemical imbalances or changes to the nervous system, it is assumed that this is also true of mental illnesses. (AS Psychology (2007) [online]) A patient with symptoms of depression could be diagnosed with an imbalance of brain chemicals. Because this is viewed as a physical illness, cures could be medication to re-establish the balance of chemicals or in severe cases Electro Convulsive Therapy (ECT) (AS Psychology (2007). A problem with this perception of mental illnesses is that physical illnesses can rely on objective symptoms such as broken bones and blood pressure, whereas mental illnesses produce subjective symptoms, such as hearing voices and depression I am of the belief that if the patients symptoms cannot be measured, the treatment given to the patient can only be based on a judgement of experience by the doctor, hence its general effect is questionable, as most individuals react differently to given situations, and may portray symptoms of one mental illness, but suffer from a yet unknown mental illness. Physiologies influence on behavior Scientists have discovered that there are specific areas in the brain that operate particular behaviors and abilities; i.e. the cerebrum, frontal lobe is concerned with behaviour. Hypothalamus is in charge of sexual maturation, moods and motivation and finally hormonal body processes control the pituitary gland. Thus: Physical damage to the brain (biological) can result in mental disorders (psychological). Psychological factors can be mental disorders, predispositions (which are largely biological), sense of well-being, motivation, perception, cognition, etc. (Yahoo Answers (2009) [online]) One of the major discussions within psychology is the nature-nurture debate, which is concerned with the extent to which particular aspects of behavior are a product of either inherited (genetic/nature) or acquired (learned/nurture) characteristics (Simply Psychology (2007) [online]). (Simply Psychology (2007) [online]) As seen above, some schools of thought believe that behavior can be changed/influenced through physiological influences, where as others believe that everyone is simply born with specific behavioral traits. In studies including rats, the role of the hippocampus in learning and memory has been studied. This can be achieved through surgical removal of the hippocampus from a rats brain followed by an assessment of memory tasks by that same rat. The Maguire study (2000) used MRI technology to scan living brains, and thereby investigate the relationship between the hippocampus and memory. This MRI technique enabled the researchers to gain lots of quantitative and objective data and they discovered that the hippocampus plays an especially important role in processing and remembering spatial and contextual information short-term, which does affects behavior to some extent, when certain things can/cannot be processed or remembered. Additionally, as our knowledge within genetics expands, new discoveries are made. The Human Genome Project for example has focused on tracing types of behavior to particular strands of DNA located on specific chromosomes, but studies within this field have also started with animal experiments, who have set the path for humans: [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] the genetic mechanisms of many species (nematode worms, fruit flies, fish or mice) work in precisely the same manner as in humans, and in the mouse there are counterparts for most human genes. (Nuffieldbioethics [n.k.] [online]) Some scientists argue that much of the research in this area is very beneficial, as it can be used to diagnose and develop treatments and therapies for illnesses or problems. The main applications of the physiological approach in modern days, have been the development of anti-depressant drugs, where changing a chemical in the brain causes changes in complex emotions, however known side effects of the drugs are still an issue (Holah [n.k.] [online]). However, treatments excluding drugs and merely focusing on the psychological aspects within depressions also exist. Some of the main treatments include: Mindfulness Therapy; a form of self-awareness training taken from Buddhist mindfulness meditation, focusing on mood regulation and preventing relapses and accepting things for what they are. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT); people learn to logically look upon their negative thoughts about the world and themselves, and how these negative thoughts affect their mood. CBT perceive negative thoughts as a habit that can be changed. Interpersonal Therapy (IPT); this area aims to change an individuals interpersonal behaviour by enabeling amendments to existing interpersonal situations and roles. Psychotherapies; extended treatment where a bond between a therapist and patient is created, alongside and appreciation and focus on the past and present, is believed to resolve the patients depression. Councelling; here the patient is being helped with problems arising in the family or at work. If the incident is very resent, crisis counseling is sometimes used. Nerrative Therapy; this area helps patients focus on their strengths in past situations and build on their resilience rather than the nagatives. The patient describes his problems as stories, and is helped to discover how these may restrict the patient in overcoming his difficulties in life. (Google Docs [n.k.] [online]) Underpinning concepts within the evolutionary psychology approach The evolutionary perspective focuses on the connection between psychology and evolution, stating that the sole purpose of mental processes is to help survival and enable evolution (Buzzle (2011) [online]). This approach is strongly allied to the biological approach, as they both value the importance of biological factors. One cannot mention the word evolutionary without mentioning Charles Darwin. Although his initial aim was to comprehend the diversity of species in the world, he gradually came to realise that his theory went beyond basic biology, and he eventually set out to establish the evolutionary elements to modern human behaviour. Darwins aim was to uncover the function and structure of the mind, however the basic concept behind the theory of evolution was that all species originate from simple life forms, and these first developed more than three billion years ago, roughly 1.5 billion years after the Earth was created. The theory is based on five key observations and conclusions, which have been drawn from them: 1) Species have great fertility. They make more offspring than can grow to adulthood. 2) Populations remain roughly the same size, with modest fluctuations. 3) Food resources are limited, but are relatively constant most of the time. 4) In sexually reproducing species, generally no two individuals are identical. Variation is rampant. 5) Much of this variation is heritable. (Space Motion (2010) [online]) From reading these observations, one can argue that within environments, individiduals would have to struggle to survive, and not all their young will survive, thus those with the best genes and traits, are more likely to survive so their genes can be passed on to their young, and these can be carried on and combined with other strong traits from other individuals when reproducing. This is also known under the term natural selection, which will be looked at further on in the paper. The moderations to Darwins evolutionary theory came after his passing, thus sociobiology came to be out of the work of evolutionary biologists in the 1960s. Edward O. Wilson (1975) attempted to explain all animal and human social behaviour in terms of evolution and a range of other biological principles. This area concentrated on the evolutionary origins of behaviour, and often implied rigid genetic control. He applied the principles of sociobiology and evolution to comprehend and explain the behavior of social insects and other animals, including humans, and this established sociobiology as a new scientific field. Wilson believed that free will is an illusion, and that behaviour is a combined product of past experiences, heredity and environmental stimuli. Ever since, many principles have been applied to study topics addressed by the social sciences, including psychology. Evolutionary psychologists have criticised sociobiologists for ignoring the crucial part the mind plays in estab lishing the bond between behaviour and genes. Thus, evolutionary Psychology is a side product of sociobiology, however it is also known under the names neo or modern Darwinism. Evolutionary psychology is a method to the psychological sciences, where results and principles arise from cognitive sciences, neuroscience, evolutionary biology and anthropology and these areas are integrated with basic psychology to gain knowledge of human nature. Rose (2000) explains: The declared aim of evolutionary psychology is to provide explanations for the patterns of human activity and the forms of organisation of human society which take into account the fact that humans are animals, and like all other currently living organisms, are the present-day products of some four billion years of evolution [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] (Gross, R. (2009) P.31) The purpose of evolutionary psychology is to bring the functional way of thinking about biological mechanisms (immune system) into the subject of psychology, and to approach psychological mechanisms likewise. It is closely related to biology (sociobiology), however key differences between the two are still evident, one of them being the importance of the mismatch theory, supported by the evolutionary approach. This mismatch occurs, when organisms are suited to an ancestral environment, and are brought into a new and changed environment. For instance, more people are annually killed by guns than snakes, however majority of people have learned to fear snakes, more than lizards for instance. One reason could be that snakes were a risk to our human ancestors who lived in a Pleistocene environment, where guns did not exist. Thus, a mismatch is created between our modern environment and our learned- fear reaction from our ancestors. Also, biological principles rely heavily on the present a nd what can be studied today, whereas evolutionary approach compares the past with the present, hoping to uncover unknown information. Some concepts within evolutionary psychology come from general evolutionary theory, also known as evolutionary biology. For instance, what evolutionary biologists have discovered on mating and sexual behaviour, have been discovered through a range of observations and experiments on, for instance, the consequences of altering the parental investments in offspring and seeing what effect this will have on the offspring later on in life. Leda Cosmides and John Tooby, argued that the human brain functions like a computer, hence mental processes act as computational operations, thus a visual image of a spider will lead to a reaction; possibly a reaction of fear of, perhaps, dangerous insects. Therefore evolutionary psychologists argue that human beings and some animals are biologically prepared to acquire certain kinds of fear at different times of their life span. Some scientists argue that our fear reaction to certain animals, can be remains of ancient primate ancestors, who evolved a fe ar response to dangerous animals, and this mechanism has been passed on to the modern human being. Additionally, we may be subject to the same reactions to snakes, as in an experiment where Rhesus monkeys who were raised within a laboratory showed no fear of snakes, however this changed immediately after they experienced a wild Rhesus reaction when exposed to a snake (Google Docs (1998). This was also experienced in the little Albert experiment in 1920 by John B. Watson, where 9 month old Albert was exposed to certain stimuli such as a rat, a monkey, a rabbit, burning newspapers and finally masks, while observing his reactions to these stimuli. To begin with he showed no signs of fear, however after Watson began to hit a piece of metal every time the boy was shown one of the animals, he came to associate the animals with the sounds, which made him cry with fear. However, one can argue that this computerised theory can be highly difficult to test, because we cannot conclusively know how our ancestors reacted mentally, and therefore we cannot know to what extent we have differed in brain capability in comparison to our ancestors or similarities in fear reactions; we can only assume what their mental states and reactions were like. The law that an organism can learn to associate any stimulus to any response with equal ease thrived, was supported by Pavlovs hound experiment. However this law was disproved in the 1950-60s by John Garcia and his rat experiments, where they were exposed to X-ray radiation that made then ill, and because of this they stopped drinking their sweetened water. This occurred although they did not feel the extent of the X-ray sickness until later, although Pavlov had stated that the reward/punishment should be given straight after the occurrence, for the animal to learn. Additionally, experiments that have been carried out on birds, to discover if they could separate what is good for them and what will make them sick, have illustrated that, because birds are highly visual like us humans and associate visual cues with sickness, they can learn to avoid geen food pellets (which make them sick), and eat only yellow pellets which are okay. If they were presented with pellets half-coloured geen and half-coloured yellow, the birds would peck at the pellets until they split into halfs and only eat the yellow part. Thus, the experiment proved that birds are biologically cued to associate a visual cue with sickness (Google Docs (1998). Natural Selection, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) and Animal Therapy Darwins theory of natural selecetion originates from a belief that conception does not always have birth as an outcome, and only a number of those who survive will reach an age where they themselves can reproduce. An examples can be alligators, where I know from work, that from the age of 12 when a wild female will reach maturity, she will lay approximately 40 eggs a year, however out of all the eggs she will lay in a lifetime, it is estimated that only three of her young will reach maturity and get to reproduce. An assumption within Darwins theory is that the young who get to reproduce, will also be those with the best traits and be better adapted to the existing environment and pass on these traits; thus each generation will be better adapted to the given environmental changes. An astonishing examples of adaption can be seen in H. B. D. Kettlewells observations of peppered moths in the 19th Century. Because of the industrial activity and burning of coal in England around this perio d, tree trunks turned from light to soothed dark colours and the peppered moth could not hide as easily. In 1848, reports of a new form of the peppered moth (Dark-coloured peppered moth) were made, which was darker and could easily hide on the darkened tree trunks. However in recent years, the burning of cleaner fuels have once again changed the environment, and the peppered moth has returned in great numbers and some biologists now believe that the dark-coloured peppered moth will be extinct in England in a few decades (Miller Levine (1999) [online]) Natural selection also focuses on a primal instinct, where we not only physically but also mentally are challenged, where only the strongest individuals will survive. I believe that in our modern day and age, we challenge this natural process by allowing the weak to live and pass on their genes, creating a more vulnerable species, both physically and mentally. Thus, we continue to develop medicines, surgeries and therapies to counteract these issue, and try to get a greater understanding of how they came to be. Through the help of medicine and psychological therapies, one can interfere with mental states, where a therapist can help modify a patients way of though, to go against his/her primal destructive instincts. Cognitive Therapy focuses on the assumption, that mentally and the way we think about things, can be the cause of mental health problems as phobias, which can have physical symptoms as well (nausea, stomach aches, hyperventilation etc.). Within this form of therapy the patient is made aware of what thoughts are destructive, worsening their condition, and they get a greater understanding of how their thought processes work. When these aims have been accomplished, the patient can work on changing the way he/she thinks and work on avoiding destructive thoughts. Within this field, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy is found, containing traits of both Behavioural Therapy and Cognitive Therapy, thus CBT helps the patient change how they think (cognitive) and how they react to those thoughts (behavioural), and this form of therapy is thought to be one of the most beneficial treatments for depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder (NHS (2010), however Dr. Oliver James has strongly cr iticised CBT and has quoted Professor Drew Westons findings in 2004, that: [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] two years after treatment, two-thirds of those who had CBT have relapsed or sought further help. (Psychminded (2009) [online]) Furthermore, James argues that cognitive analytic therapy and the Hoffman Process are far better alternatives than CBT, when attempting to solve problems relating to depression and anxiety, as these focus on the patients childhood and the origin of the depression/anxiety, where CBT focuses more on the here-and-now aspects of the disorders. For centuries people have been aware of the unconditional bonds that can be created between humans and animals, and pets have been used in medical settings for more than 150 years, however evidence of the physical, emotional and mental benefits have not been scientifically proven until recent years. This area is now known under the term Animal Therapy, and is to some extent an integration of animal behaviour and cognitive therapy. The animals, such as dogs, elephants, dolphins etc., help to heal humans, young and old, physically, emotionally and mentally. It has been proven through experiments and observations, that: Having an animal around reduces stress, creates a relationship, helps people feel loved and needed, provides a listening ear without judgment and it can improve social skills and boost the confidence of an individual. (World Wide Health (2006) [online]) Recently, studies at the Research Center for Human/Animal Interaction have discovered that interacting with animals can increase peoples level of the hormone oxytocin, which help us feel happy. Also, this hormone does not only benefit us mentally but also physically, as it is part of the process when the body grows new cells. Animal Therapy can also be applied to only the animal, where animals presenting abnormal behaviour, can be helped by talks with the owners, psychological/physical training and zone therapy. Abnormal and uncontrollable behaviour of pets is also a rising problem in Denmark, where it is estimated that majority of danish pet owners have encountered problems with their pets behaviour. In a study carried out in 2000-2001, a range of pet owners were asked if they had encountered behavioural problems with their dogs, and 28% answered yes, where 17% stated that they had previously encountered problems. Furthermore, vetenarian Jà ¸rgen Mikkelsen estimates that each year 1 / 4 of all the dogs being euthanized in Denmark (roughly 200 danish clinics), were because of behavioural problems, and 2 / 5 of the dogs never reached the age of 3. Therefore a rough estimate concludes that 10-15.000 dogs are euthanized every year in Denmark because of behavioural problems (Dansk Veterinà ¦rtidsskrift (2006) [online]). However, animal therapy is gaining more and more ground in Denmark, and more clinics are opened within the country, proving that people are seeking this form of treatment more than before, and the awareness of the animals needs are more widely accepted, encouraging a closer animal-human bond. The relationship between scientific research and psychology as a discipline Eventually psychology was accepted as a science, although its subject matter was restricted. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, attention was placed upon mental processes and the mind. Behaviourists focused on observing phenomenon, where psychologists concentrated on studying the mental processes used to retrieve, store and acquire knowledge. Although mental processes cannot be observed as such, evidence can be gained by using a number of tests concerned with memory, perception and problem solving. Here cognitive psychology becomes of great importance, as it studies mental processes such as intelligence, memory, perception and thought. Because psychology operates with what cannot always be seen, at least in the past before we invented ways of discovering brain activities and their reactions to the surroundings we can see (MRI scans). Part of this has helped psychology become a scientific field, because it can be observed, measured and compared. Without this bond, psychology would never have been accepted as a science, and areas which are being researched today (for instance physiologies influence on behaviour), would never have existed or been made possible, and would have limited the ongoing knowledge that we posses within this area today. Also, medicine and biology have benefitted from the merger, as mental illnesses have been identified through psychological practices and treatments have been found. Many mental illnesses are approached with medicine as well as therapy, illustrating this merger in reality. Traditional and historical theories within psychology have all undergone changes throughout history, when knowledge has been gained in common ground areas, or new psychologists have decided to approach the matter from different angles. Darwins theory of evolution was challenged by believers, who approached evolutionary psychology from different views, which, as mentioned previously has resulted in sociobiology, physiological psychology and biology psychology, amongst others. I believe that therapies as mentioned above, can be perceived as a result of Darwin, Tinbergen, Lorenz Karl von Frisch, Wilson and Trivers, amongst others, theories which have influenced and challenged each other, and resulted in treatments and knowledge which benefits this branch of modern psychology, as illustrated in the number of therapies offered to patients today. Specialisms where integration is evident Specialisms where integration is evident in practice is for instance evolutionary psychology, which is a combination of evolutionary as well as cogn

Traditions and Values of Western Culture Essay -- History Education Es

Traditions and Values of Western Culture missing works cited History is a part of everyone's lives. We exist today because of our history. People who lived before our time fought for the rights that many individuals take for granted. Especially for an individual to appreciate life, one must be fully aware of the past, so one could truly appreciate their existence today and the freedom they have. So when the question arises on whether or not "Colleges and universities serve to pass on to students the great traditions and values of Western culture?" Without any doubt the answer should be absolutely yes. If someone answered no, the person should be considered ignorant and maybe they would think twice if all rights were stripped away from him. These institutions should pass on the tradition of education and the curriculum needed to achieve to be an overall well rounded person. The way an institution chooses to pass a long a culture does not matter, such traditions need to be passed to the next generation. There are three men of great literature, M ike Rose, John Henry Newman, and Jeffery Hart, who have recognized the importance of passing on the Western culture and they offer some interesting incites to their readers. In Mike Rose's essay he introduces the lives of people from a variety of cultures. He describes the hardships one may encounter as he goes through life. Rose begins by describing his own difficulties of accepting education in his life and how he would rather read comic books. He adds that it was not until high school when he met a teacher who inspired him to learn and write a great deal more than he was accustomed. After his final year in high school, Rose adds that "the books that seemed so distant, those Great ... ...ed to know the specifics of all the subjects; the main idea would be for him to know all other fields of study do exist and what those fields represent. Colleges and universities need to pass on to students the great traditions and values of the Western culture. By allowing someone to learn his history he will have a greater appreciation for life. With education, the knowledge of history will allow a person to make a statement in his lifetime that could better the future for others. The universities and colleges should not be reluctant in teaching the values and traditions of the Western culture. Mike Rose, John Henry Newman, and Jeffrey Hart all support the idea of educating our students about the traditions and values of the Western culture. There is an extreme need for these areas to be covered in school because students are lacking the knowledge of the past.